<p>PAT 601 TAXONOMY OF FUNGI (2+1) An Introduction to Mycology R.S. Mehrotra, K.R. Aneja Introductory Mycology- C. J. Alexopoulous Fungi include eucaryotic spore bearing achlorophyllous organisms that generally reproduce asexually and sexually and usually filamentous-branched somatic structures are typically surrounded by cell walls containing Chitin or Cellulose or both of these substances together with many other organic molecules.</p><p>Classification: In the world today, about 4,00,000 species of plants have already been described. Algae 20,000 sp. Fungi 1,00,000 sp. Liverworts and Mosses 25,000 Ferns 10,500 Phanerogams 2,50,000 Saccardo (1884) classified fungi into six classes. Schizomycetes (Bacteria) Myxomycetes (slime moulds) Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes At one time some mycologists placed slime moulds in animal kingdom (Bessey, 1950) but today it was accepted under Fungi. Ainsworth (1966) treated fungi bas a separate kingdom or as kingdom of plant kingdom with two divisions Myxomycota or plasmodial form and Eumycota for non-plasmodial form. Eumycota then divided into five subdivisions</p><p>History: In 400 B.C. itself Buddha noticed diseases of plants caused by fungi. There are some records are available on plant diseases in the Vedas (1200 B.C.) about mildews and blasts. Clusius (1526-1609) wrote a book Rariorium Plantarum Historia. This book has 28 pages. Gaspard- Plnax Theatri Botanici (1623) includes 100 species of fungi, Agaricaceae, Boletaceae, Clavariaceae, Auriculariaceae, Lycoperdaceae, Phallaceae, Pezziaceae. Robert Hooke- Micrographa (1687) include Phragmodium and Mucor. Joseph P. Tournefort (1694) wrote Element de Botanique. He studied Boletus, Agaricales, Clathrus, Morchella, Aurucularia, Polyporus, Lycoperdon, Tubercules. Butler (1874-1944) studied Sexuality in Fungi. Tillet (1755) - Seed treatment 1766- Grain Smut. History of Mycology in India: Buddha 400 B.C. noticed diseases 1200 B.C. in the Vedas period, rust, smuts, Agaricales. About 10,000 species of fungi have been reported from India. Butler and Prisby (1931), Vasudeva (1960), Mundkar (1938), Vasudeva (1962), Subramanium and Ramakrishnan (1956), Tandan and Sudir Chandra (1963), Tilak and Rao (1970), mukerji and Juneja (1974), Bilgrami et al (1979) listed the Fungi and reported. Landmark in the study of Mycology: Linnaeus book Species Plantarum. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778), Sweedish botanist brought description of all known species of plants. He established Binomial System of Nomenclature, Generic and Species. Modern classification was done by C.H. Persson. Christian Hendrix Persoon (17611836), South American. 1. Observations Mycologicae (1796-1799). 2. Tentamen diespositionis Methodicae Fungorum (1797) 3. Icones description Fungorum (1798) 4. Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 5. Mycologia Europaea (1822-1828)</p><p>Elias Magnus Fries (1794-1878) called Father of Systematic Mycology wrote Systema Mycologicum- Three Volumes. Saccardos Sylloge Fungorum (1882-1931)- 26 volumes. Listed out all genera and species of Fungi. De Bary (1866)- Father of Modern Mycology. He discovered Heteroecism in rust, Puccinia graminis tritici (1830-1840). Late blight-1846-Epidemic-Ireland- Famine. De Bary only proved the damage due to Phytophthora infestans. Woronin (1838-1903)- Club root. Bessey(1950), Sparrow (1958), Martin(1961), Alexopoulos and Mims (1974), Hawksworth et al. (1983). At one time some botanist placed slime moulds in animal kingdom and called Mycetozoa. But today placed in fungi (Myxomycetes-multinucleate, free living, naked plasmodium, zoospore, heterokont, whiplash type of flagella). Ainsworth placed myxomycetes as a separate division (plasmodial forms). The classification of fungi is still in a state of flux. Stable for ideal system is yet to be proposed by taxonomists. In the 7th edition of the Dictionary of Fungi by Hawksworth:; Sutton and Ainsworth (1983) brought out some important change in the classification of Fungi. Separate class uredinomycetes and ustilaginomycetes have been formed instead of teliomycetes. Britishers like Cunningham and Barclay (1871) Mucorales, Ustilaginales and Uredinales were listed by Cunningham. Barclay (1886) investigated wheat rust in India and Simla. Sir, Edwin John Butler (1874-1943)- Father of Indian Mycology initiated and organized Mycological and Phytopathological research in India. He worked in Imperial (IARI) at PUSA. Born in Ireland, 1874. He graduated in Medicine. He worked first on Pythium and published in India and discovered the genus Allomyces. He wrote a book Fungi and Diseases in plants(1918). Butler and Prisby The Fungi of India(1931). K.C. Mehta-(1892-1940)- Rust- Berberis and Mahonia Mundkur (1896-1952)- Fungi and Plant Diseases and Ustilaginales of India.</p><p>McRae, Subramanium, C.V., Sundaraman, T.S. Ramakrishnan, K.Ramakrishnan, M.J.Thirumalachar.</p><p>According to Saccardo in his Sylloge Fungorum 1. Acrasiomycetes- Assimilative phase free living amoeba which unite as psedoplasmodium before reproduction. 2. Hydromyxomycetes Assimilative phase is plasmodium (net plasmodium) 3. Myxomycetes Plasmodium saprobic, free living 4. Plasmodiophoromycetes- plasmodium parasitic within the host plant.</p><p>Thallus- Vegetative body is known as plasmodium. Plasmodium is characterized by presence of naked, multinucleate, motile mass of protoplasm. Most of the life cycle spends in the root cells of host when host dies, the roots disintegrate and resting spores are liberated into the soil. Resting Spores Minute, round uninucleate haploid enveloped in a chitinous smooth wall. They live in soil for more than 8 years without host under favourable condition in the presence of host germinate gives rise to uninucleate bean shaped biflagellate zoospores (swarm cell). In the absence of host, these spores perish. Before infection, they lose flagella and become amoeboid.</p><p>MYXOMYCETES- No Parasites Plasmodiophoromycetes They are endoparasitic slime moulds consists of holocarpic plasmodial thallus with plasmodial moment and feeding. They are obligate parasites. They cause excess enlargement of cell and excess multiplication of cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia. There are two types of plasmodium in the life cycle. 1. Sporangiogenous and 2. Cystogenous Sporangiogenous plasmodium form from sporangia aggregated in loose masses or sporangiosori consist of few or numerous small or large sporangia which produces single or many secondary zoospores. The zoospores are biflagellates with two anteriorly inserted whiplash flagella of unequal size (anisokont). These zoospores possibly unite</p><p>(but remain binucleate) before infecting the host to form cystogenous plasmodium which gives rise to thick walled cyst (resting spores). Then karyogamy and meiosis will take place. Hypertrophy of host cells is apparently brought out by blocking of cell division and is accompanied by enhanced DNA synthesis. The life cycle is initiated when cysts germinate, each giving rise to zoospores capable of infecting host cell or plant. The cyst zoospores attaches to the wall of root hair flagella become inactive and zoospores encyst. Within the encysted zoospores, a long tubular cavity termed the Rohr then appears. The end of the Rohr oriented towards the host wall is filled with a light-staining plug. Within the Rohr lies a sharp dark staining rod called Stachel. Following an evagination of the Rohr to form a bulbolous structure that adheres the host cell wall. The satchel punctures the host wall and the protoplasts of zoospores enter the (cell) root hair. According to Aist and William (1971), the protoplasts require only about one second to enter the (host) root hair. After penetration of a host by the cyst zoospores of small sporangiogenous plasmodia appears within the host cell. After the plasmodium reaches a certain apparently determined to a great extent by the size of the host cell; it cleaves into segments that develops into zoosporangia. It may occur singly or they may be loosely aggregated. Then the zoospores are released from zoosporangium (Plasmogamy, Karyogamy). There are gametes and undergo plasmogamy prior to penetration and infection. Due to infection, cytogenous plasmodia develop. Karyogamy appears to be delayed until shortly before cyst formation. Meiosis then takes place in the form of two successive divisions before formation of cyst. Cytogenous plasmodia gives rise to thick walled called cysts.</p><p>Plasmodiophoromycetes Phorales Phoraceae Myxomycetes slime moulds and endoparasitic</p><p>Mastigomycotina: (Alexopoulous) More like a true fungi. Spongospora subterranea Powdery scab of potatoes. It also transmit potato mop top virus. The viruses are carried by zoospores and persist for longer period in the spore balls in the soil. Mastigomycotina -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Uniflagellate Zoospore one flagellate</p><p>Flagella</p><p>Biflagellate -------------</p><p>----------------------------------------------------Posterior whiplash (pertshen)</p><p>Anterior tinsel (Flimmer)</p><p>Flagella equal posterior whiplash and anterior tinsel cell wall (cellulose) Oomycetes Chitridiomycetes True mycelium lacking. Rhizoids are called Rhizomycelium True mycelium present. Sexual reproduction</p><p>Plasmodiophoromycetes Zoospore unequal size.</p><p>Sexual reproduction by fusion of planogametes</p><p>Unknown. Zoospore released</p><p>Sexual reproduction by fusion of motile motile female gametes (Monoblepharidiales)</p><p>by circum sessile rupture (Harpochytridiales). (Blastocladiales)</p><p>Zoospores with annular cup male and non</p><p>Mastigomycotina The mastigomycotina are zoosporic fungi which includes chytridiomycetes, hypochytridiomycetes, plasmodiophoromycetes and Oomycetes. Sparrow, 1973,</p><p>Alexopoulos and Mims (1979) have included in myxomycetes. Classification of the Mastigomycotina into different classes is based mainly on the flagellation of the zoospores. Ainsworth (1973), Hawksworth et al. (1983) included</p><p>plasmodiophoromycetes under myxomycetes because of presence of plasmodium.</p><p>Chitridiomycetes: The motile cells of the fungi have posterior whiplash flagellum. Sexual reproduction- by motile isogamous gametes (Olpidium, Synchytrium). Synchytrium endobioticum-black wart of potato. Urophlyctis alfalfae crown wart. Physoderma maydis Brown spot of maize. Olpidium brassicae- parantheon root of cabbage, lettuce.</p><p>Somatic structure: Unicelluar, thallus without specialized vegetative part later which becomes converted into reproductive organ (Holocarpic). Chytridiomycetes: 1. 2. Chytridiales: True mycelium lacking. Rhizoids are Rhizomycelium Harpochytridiales: True mycelium present. Sexual reproduction unknown,</p><p>zoospores released by circum sessile rupture. 3. Blastocladiales: Sexual reproduction by fusion of planogametes. Zoospores</p><p>with annular cup. Reinstat Sporangia are formed. 4. Monoblepharidales: Sexual reproduction by fusion of motile male and non-</p><p>motile female gametes. No Reinstat Sporangia are formed.</p><p>Chytridiales Life cycle: This order contains 93 genera and 460 species. Generally called chytrids. Synchytrium endobioticum (potato wart), (Olpidium brassicae), Pleotrachelus virulentus (Lettuce big vein). The simple chytridiales are endobiotic, live anteriorly within the host. Epibiotic: Live outside (upon the cell) or the surface of the host, but nutrient absorbing structure may be immersed in the host tissue. Physoderma: Both epibiotic and endobiotic Monocentric: Rhizoidal system bears a single sporangium-resting spore. Polycentric: Extensive rhizoidal system and bear more sporangium. The asexual reproductive organs are sporangia spherical, pear shaped and inside zoospores are produced. Inoperculate: Discharge tubes are presentor exit papillae. The tip become gelatinous and dissolves through which zoospores are produced where as inoperculate, the discharge tubes are provided with well defined cup.</p><p>Chytridiales The classificationis still uncertain. Nine families. Sparrow (1960-1973). Chytridiales: Inoperculate: 1. Olpidiaceae 2. Achlyogetonaceae 3. Synchytriaceae 4. Phlyctidiaceae 5. Rhizidiaceae 6. Cladochytridiaceae 7. Physodermataceae Later Lange and Olson (1980) classified under Blastocladiales</p><p>Olpidiaceae: 1. Holocarpic 2. Endobiotic thallus which converted into single zoosporangium.</p><p>Sexual reproduction by fusion of isoplanogametes or resting sporangia.</p><p>Olpidium, Rozella Thallus- spherical, cylindrical Endobiotic-inside Holocarpic-entire thallus Zoosporangium- cleaves Zoospores Isoplanogametes Discharge from the tube and open to the exterior Zoospores Few minute tadpole Swim 20 minutes Root hair infection empty cyst coat outside Thalli a membrane Zoosporangium release Thick walled zoosporangium without discharge tube Sexual fusion, Zygote-fusion takes place outside Resting sporangium sexual Division-germination-zoospores The Olpidium thallus is spherical or cylindrical and there may be one or more in host cell. The entire thallus converts into zoosporangium and cleaves into uniflagellate zoospores. The zoospores escape from the discharge tube, which penetrate the outer wall of the host and open to the exterior. The release of zoospores takes place within few minutes of washing the roots free from the soil. The zoospores are like tadpole like with whiplash f;lagellum. After swarming for about 20 min, the zoospore encyst on the root hair and lose their flagellum. The root hair get infected and entire content will be transferred to the inside leaving only empty cyst. The thallus secretes a membrane around itself and grows into zoosporangium within the host cell. The nuclei divide repeatedly and within a few days, zoospores are formed and discharged from tubes in the sporangia and it repeats in asexual lifecycle.</p><p>Sexual phase: In addition to smooth zoosporangium with discharge tube, stellate bodies with thickly folded walls that lack of discharge tubes are also formed in the roots. There are resting</p><p>sporangia, which are believed to be formed after sexual fusion. Sexual reproduction of Zoospores takes place only between those spores that have been produced from different sporangia. The Zoospores copulate outside the host cell and produce biflagellate zygote which infects like zoospores, but develops into thick walled reinstant sporangium that discharge zoospores after several months. The resting sporangia are initially binucleate but karyogamy takes place during the division of the fusion nucleus before zoospore formation. Resting sporangia germinate by producing numerous zoospores (uninucleate). These escape and reinfect the host plant.</p><p>Synchytriaceae: Holocarpic, endobiotic thallus which is converted into a sorus(heap) of sporangia or prosorus surrounded by a common membrane or resting spore at the time of reproduction. The sporangia are inoperculate as in the family Olpidiaceae. Synchytrium is the largest genus with about 200 species, whic.</p>
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Introductory Mycology Alexopoulos Pdf Converter Download
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